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For example, a positive correlation was found between basketball-specific repeated sprint ability from game results to maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), indicating aerobic system maintenance during the last stages of the game. 16Ĭoaches often overlook the contribution of the aerobic energy system for success in basketball however, aerobic capacity is related to successful performance of high-intensity work over a period of time. The aerobic energy system uses oxygen to convert glucose and fat to energy and helps maintain the lower intensity and longer duration movements, which represent about 65% of the active game time. It is clear that training the anaerobic energy system is a key to success in the game of basketball. 14,16 Research has found that a player will have 1,000 changes of movement patterns, those changes occurring on average every 2 s 6 relying on the ability of the muscle to produce a large amount of energy quickly. Overall, the anaerobic energy systems are responsible for success in the large volume of jumps, sprints, accelerations and decelerations that occur during a game. The second, anaerobic glycolysis, relies on glucose derived from muscle glycogen. The first, ATP/PCr, generates the energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from phosphocreatine (PCr) and is dependent on the ability of the muscle to regenerate the PCr molecule. The anaerobic energy systems supply energy for high-intensity, short-duration muscle contractions, and are composed of the ATP/PCr system and anaerobic glycolysis. 19 Analyses of physiological requirements of basketball in the past 20 years showed a major reliance on the anaerobic metabolism across positions, 7 with secondary reliance on the aerobic energy system. 20 Therefore, both the aerobic and anaerobic metabolic systems are required.3,4,24 When designing training and nutrition programs, it is important to note that the overall physical load, based on heart rate, and oxygen demand are greater for games than scrimmage practice situations. 4 Also, in a simulated practice game, players were found to spend only 34.1% of the time playing, 56.8% walking, and 9.0% standing. 20 However, basketball players have been found to cover about 4500–5000 m (2.8–3.1 mi) during a 48–minute game.

While a quarter of game play for a high school athlete lasts 8 minutes of clock time, an average segment of play may last only 12–20 s. The game of basketball is characterized by frequent starts, stops, and changes of direction, all maintained over a period of time. This paper explores scientific data on structural and functional demands of elite basketball players to establish the physiological profile of successful athletes. While the demands and characteristics of the athletes differ by position, they are not as drastically different as a sport like football. In comparison to other team sports, the aerobic demand is less than soccer, but more than baseball and volleyball. While most of the skill work is performed at a high intensity, a certain level of endurance is important to meet game demands throughout the duration of the contest. As a result, successful basketball athletes tend to possess high strength, power and agility while maintaining a fairly lean body composition. The sport of basketball requires specific skills that can be completed under dynamic conditions, in most cases while moving at a high speed or while changing directions.